Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
General
How do I-
The best way to get started is to read the guide to download, install and start using Butano.
After that, there are various examples explaining most aspects of the engine.
At last, check how to import your own assets in a game and take a look at the modules page.
This page is worth a look too.
Would I be able to sell my game made with Butano for money?
Sure!
If you comply with Butano license and third party libraries licenses used by Butano you can sell your game without issues.
Is it possible to use Butano to create multiboot games?
It is possible, but not recommended as Butano footprint is too big for multiboot stuff, unless you want to make something very simple.
Multiboot ROMs should be generated when they have the suffix _mb
:
TARGET := $(notdir $(CURDIR))_mb
Programming
Can I use Butano without knowing C++?
While Butano is easy to use if you have some C++ skills, it is going to be hard to work with it if you don't know nothing about C++, so you should learn a bit of C++ before diving into Butano.
After that, maybe you can learn both C++ and Butano at the same time while you make a game, but if you don't want to have a hard time with Butano you should know the basics of C++ before messing with it.
Is there any good free IDE for Butano projects out there?
Take a look at the Qt Creator setup guide.
Why I get an incomplete type error when trying to use a Butano class?
If you get an error message like these:
error: variable 'bn::regular_bg_ptr bg' has initializer but incomplete type error: invalid use of incomplete type 'class bn::regular_bg_ptr' error: aggregate 'bn::fixed' has incomplete type and cannot be defined error: static assertion failed: template argument must be a complete class or an unbounded array
It is almost always because of lack of included headers.
You can find the header of each Butano class in its documentation page.
Why can't I use the content of the common folder in a new project?
The common
folder contains code and assets used by most Butano examples and tests.
It is not part of Butano (the library), so it is not included by default in new projects.
As the content of the common
folder could change in future Butano versions, you should copy its content to your project if you want to use it:
- Copy
common
*.cpp
files to thesrc
folder of your project. - Copy
common
*.h
files to theinclude
folder of your project. - Do the same with the rest of the files in the
common
folder (*.bmp
,*.json
, etc).
Why I get undefined reference errors after updating Butano?
If after updating Butano you get error messages like this one:
error: undefined reference to 'bn::reciprocal_lut_16'
They usually go away with a full rebuild of your project (make clean
before make
).
Also make sure you update devkitARM when you update Butano, since some Butano features don't work with older devkitARM releases.
Why there's std like containers included with Butano?
Butano containers differ from the standard library ones in two important points:
- They don't use the heap, their content is always on the stack.
- They don't throw exceptions. Asserts are used instead.
Since avoiding heap usage and exceptions is usually good for GBA development, use Butano containers whenever possible.
Keep in mind that unlike most Butano containers, bn::
So I shouldn't use the heap?
Since heap usage is slow and the heap allocator included with Butano is very limited, avoid heap usage whenever possible.
Also, remember to call bn::
Why I run out of memory so often?
Besides VRAM and such, the GBA provides two memory banks:
- IWRAM: 32KB fast RAM.
- EWRAM: 256KB slow RAM.
Data is allocated in IWRAM by default, so it is common to run out of memory if you don't use EWRAM.
To place data in EWRAM, you can:
- Allocate memory in the heap, since it is placed in EWRAM.
- Declare static data with the
BN_DATA_EWRAM
macro:BN_DATA_EWRAM static_data data;
However, if the data is read only, you can avoid wasting RAM by placing it in ROM with the constexpr
qualifier: constexpr const_data data;
How to destroy sprites and backgrounds?
bn::_ptr
suffix are std::shared_ptr
like smart pointers that retains shared ownership of a hardware resource.
In the case of bn::
If you want to learn more about std::shared_ptr
, you can read:
That's cool, but how can I destroy and reload sprites and backgrounds as easy as possible?
bn::
// bg_optional is empty: bn::optional<bn::regular_bg_ptr> bg_optional; // bg_optional now contains the background specified by bn::regular_bg_items::bg1: bg_optional = bn::regular_bg_items::bg1.create_bg(0, 0); // bg_optional is empty again: bg_optional.reset(); // bg_optional now contains the background specified by bn::regular_bg_items::bg2: bg_optional = bn::regular_bg_items::bg2.create_bg(0, 0);
Can I use float or double when coding for the GBA?
Modern CPUs have dedicated hardware for processing float
s and double
s. The GBA doesn't have it, so you're left with two choices:
- Using
float
s anddouble
s emulated in software (very slow). - Using fixed point arithmetic, which is just integer arithmetic with a few extra steps.
Butano provides bn::float
with fixed point arithmetic. Use it when you want to work with numbers with decimal points.
How do I print a number in a string?
Don't use sprintf
, std::ostringstream
or anything else from the standard library, because:
- Butano functions for printing numbers in strings can be more than 5 times faster than the standard functions.
- Standard functions can take more than 4KB of IWRAM.
- Standard functions sometimes can't be used because they throw link errors.
If you want to print a number in a string with Butano, bn::
bn::string<16> string = bn::to_string<16>(number);
If you want to compose a string with multiple numbers, you can use bn::
bn::string<64> string; bn::ostringstream string_stream(string); string_stream << "Text: "; string_stream << 123; string_stream << " - "; string_stream << number;
Does Butano allow to declare bn::sprite_ptr or bn::regular_bg_ptr objects globally?
In general, you should not do anything with Butano before calling bn::
If you want to declare global Butano objects, you can do something like this instead:
struct global_data { bn::sprite_ptr sprite; bn::regular_bg_ptr bg; }; global_data* global_ptr; int main() { bn::core::init(); global_data global_instance = { bn::sprite_items::sprite_item.create_sprite(0, 0), bn::regular_bg_items::bg_item.create_bg(0, 0) }; global_ptr = &global_instance; // ... }
With that, you can access global Butano objects from anywhere in your project with this code:
global_ptr->sprite.set_position(50, 50);
How can I set the seed of a bn::random?
If you want to do that, use bn::
Does bn::rect work with odd dimensions?
Since it takes a center point as position instead of a top-left point, bn::
If you need to handle odd dimensions, use bn::
Is there a way to stop running my code for a certain amount of time?
Since you can usually assume than your game is running at 60FPS, for example you can wait one second with this code:
for(int index = 0; index < 60; ++index) { bn::core::update(); }
Are there some more general notes on GBA programming out there?
Images
Why I get an "invalid header size" error when I try to import a *.bmp file?
If you get that error when importing a *.bmp
file, it probably means that it contains unsupported features, such as:
- Compression.
- Color space information.
- Non-indexed colors.
Please check the Images import guide to learn more about how to generate supported *.bmp
files.
Colors
Which color is the transparent one?
Butano supports 16 or 256 color images only, so they must have a color palette.
The transparent color is the first one in the color palette, so in order to change it you should use a bitmap editor with color palette manipulation tools, like Usenti:

How can I set the backdrop color?
The transparent or the backdrop color (displayed color when nothing else is) is the first one in the backgrounds palette.
You can override its default value with bn::
Sprites
Why everything looks weird when I show two or more sprites with more than 16 colors?
Since the GBA has only 256 colors for sprites, if you use two sprites with more than 16 colors at the same time, Butano assumes that they have the same color palette (same colors in the same order).
So if you are going to show multiple sprites with more than 16 colors at the same time, use the same color palette with all of them (in the same scene of course, sprites shown in different scenes can have different color palettes).
Why whenever I have too many sprites on screen, some of them get cut off?
If you show too many sprites on screen (especially if they're rotated or scaled), they won't be rendered because the GBA has a maximum number of sprite pixels per scanline.
You can try to get around this limitation by showing sprites without rotation or scaling, or even better, using backgrounds instead of sprites.
How can I print UTF-8 characters like japanese or chinese ones?
bn::
Backgrounds
Why everything looks weird when I show two or more backgrounds with more than 16 colors?
Since the GBA has only 256 colors for tiled backgrounds, if you use two 8BPP backgrounds with more than 16 colors at the same time, Butano assumes that they have the same color palette (same colors in the same order).
So if you are going to show multiple backgrounds with more than 16 colors at the same time, you can:
- Use the same color palette with all of them (in the same scene of course, backgrounds shown in different scenes can have different color palettes).
- Change their BPP mode to 4BPP, so each background can have its own color palette with more than 16 colors.
What's a big background?
The GBA only supports some fixed sizes for background maps.
However, Butano allows to manage background maps with any size multiple of 256 pixels. These special background maps and the backgrounds that display them are called big maps/backgrounds.
Try to avoid big backgrounds whenever possible, because they are slower CPU wise.
Why there are two types of backgrounds (regular and affine)?
It seems it is always better to use affine backgrounds, since they can be rotated, scaled, etc. and its size can be up to 1024x1024 pixels without becoming big backgrounds.
However, compared to regular backgrounds, affine backgrounds have these limitations:
- Only two of them can be displayed at the same time, instead of four.
- They don't support 16 color tiles, only 256 color ones.
- They only support up to 256 different tiles, instead of 1024.
- They don't support flipped tiles.
Because of these limitations, you should avoid affine backgrounds whenever possible.
Why can't I import a regular background with 1024 or less tiles?
If you get this error when trying to import a regular background with 1024 or less tiles:
error: Regular BGs with more than 1024 tiles not supported: 1025
Or you get this error when importing an affine background with 256 or less tiles:
error: Affine BGs with more than 256 tiles not supported: 257
Your image is fine, but grit (the tool used by Butano to import images) is generating unneeded extra tiles.
The only workaround that I know of is reducing detail in your input image until the tiles count of the generated background is valid.
However, if you are working with unique tiles to generate a dynamic background, importing background tiles only instead of a background with map should work. Check Regular background tiles, Affine background tiles, the dynamic_regular_bg
example and the dynamic_affine_bg
example for that.
Audio
Why the game crashes when some Direct Sound songs are played?
Butano uses the excellent Maxmod library for Direct Sound audio support.
It provides impressive performance and support for lots of module music formats, but unfortunately it crashes with some songs.
Sometimes it helps to change song's file format (for example, from *.xm
to *.it
). You can use OpenMPT to do that.
You can also try to create a new issue in its GitHub issues page, but since it seems the library was abandoned long time ago, don't hold your hopes up too much.
Why can't I use a long *.wav file as music?
Maxmod doesn't allow to play long *.wav
files as music, unfortunately.
The maximum length of sound samples is also small, so if you try to play a long *.wav
file as a sound effect, it should stop after a few seconds.
What you can do is to split your long *.wav
file in small pieces and put them in a module file (files with *.mod
, *.xm
, *.s3m
and *.it
extensions). You can use SoX to split the long *.wav
file and OpenMPT to create the final module file.
Why there are missing notes when playing some Direct Sound songs?
If a song doesn't have more channels than the maximum number of active Direct Sound music channels specified by BN_*.xm
to *.it
). You can use OpenMPT to do that.
How can I improve Direct Sound audio quality?
If you have some free CPU left, you can increase Direct Sound audio mixing rate to improve its quality.
The easiest way to specify Direct Sound audio mixing rate for a specific project is to define it in the USERFLAGS
of its Makefile
.
For example, to set Direct Sound audio mixing rate to 21KHz:
USERFLAGS := -DBN_CFG_AUDIO_MIXING_RATE=BN_AUDIO_MIXING_RATE_21_KHZ
Remember to rebuild your project from scratch after modifying a Makefile
.
Available Direct Sound mixing rates are here.
Flash carts
Why my game runs fine on emulators but doesn't work on a real GBA with a flash cart?
Some flash carts allow to improve commercial games with patches like saver patch
, enable restart
, enable real time save
, etc.
These patches can break homebrew games, so try to disable some or all of them if you run into any issues.
Why SRAM works on emulators but doesn't work with this old flash cart?
While SRAM works out-of-the-box with most modern flash carts, it can fail with some older ones.
To fix it you can try to:
- Set save type as SRAM.
- Disable or enable save patches.
- Update the firmware of the flash cart.